Class XII Physics

Coulomb's inverse square law, superposition principle, electric field vectors, electric field lines, electric dipole dynamics, and Gauss's law applications.

Electric potential scalar fields, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of charge systems, parallel plate capacitors, dielectric effects, and energy stored.

Electric current, drift velocity, Ohm's law microscopic derivation, resistivity, temperature dependence, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, and potentiometers.

Magnetic Lorentz force, cyclotron motion, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law, solenoid and toroid fields, torque on current loops, and moving coil galvanometers.

Faraday's laws, Lenz's rule, motional EMF, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance, AC generation, phasor diagrams, and series LCR resonance.

Spherical mirror reflection, refraction, total internal reflection, prism dispersion, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula, compound microscopes, and astronomical telescopes.

Huygens' wave theory, wavefront propagation, reflection and refraction proof, Young's double slit interference, fringe width derivation, and single slit diffraction.

Photoelectric effect experimental observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, threshold frequency, work function, de Broglie matter wave hypothesis, and Davisson-Germer experiment.

Rutherford alpha scattering, Bohr's postulates for hydrogen atom, energy levels and hydrogen spectral series, mass defect, binding energy curve, and nuclear fission and fusion.

Energy bands in solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction diode formation, forward and reverse bias characteristics, half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, and fundamental digital logic gates.