Ray Optics & Optical Instruments

• Derive the mirror equation and thin lens formula using Cartesian sign conventions.
• Explain Total Internal Reflection (TIR) and critical angle applications in optical fibers.
• Derive the Lens Maker's Formula: 1/f = (μ - 1)(1/R1 - 1/R2).
• Analyze prism refraction and derive minimum deviation formula.
• Calculate magnifying powers of compound microscopes and astronomical telescopes.

• Refraction & Snell's Law (n1 sin i = n2 sin r)
• Total Internal Reflection & Critical Angle (sin c = 1/n)
• Lens Maker's Formula & Combination of Thin Lenses
• Prism Deviation & Refractive Index Formula (μ = sin((A+δm)/2) / sin(A/2))
• Compound Microscope Magnification (m = -L/f0 * (1 + D/fe))
• Astronomical Telescope Magnification (m = -f0/fe)

“Strictly adhere to the Cartesian sign convention: all distances measured against incident light direction are negative.”

• •In astronomical telescopes, objective has large focal length and aperture; eyepiece has small focal length.
• •Prism minimum deviation occurs symmetrically when angle of incidence equals angle of emergence.
• •Power of lens in diopters: P = 1 / f(in meters).

Board exam ray tracing problems, lens combinations with silvering, and microscope magnifying powers.